MYPolygyny
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550 questions about marriage in Islam

From choosing a spouse to a fourth wife, divorce and inheritance — every answer with its evidence and sources.

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Soal jawab perkahwinan dalam Islam

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10kategori
384rujukan dalil & undang-undang
Perjalanan

Dari memilih pasangan hingga pusaka

1Persediaan & memilih pasanganNiat, kesediaan, kafa'ah, istikharah
2Khitbah & pertunanganMeminang, ta'aruf, batas pertunangan
3Akad nikahRukun, wali, saksi, mahar, walimah, mahram
4Hak & tanggungjawabNafkah, ketaatan, adab, kewangan rumah
5Poligami: hukum & keadilanSyarat adil, giliran, had empat
6Poligami: undang-undangKebenaran mahkamah, dokumen, luar negara
7Isteri sedia ada & bakal isteriHak, perasaan, taklik, hubungan madu
8Konflik & penyelesaianNusyuz, hakam, sulh, kaunseling
9Perceraian, idah & rujukTalak, khuluk, fasakh, idah, rujuk
10Anak, pusaka & globalHadhanah, nasab, faraid, Muslim minoriti

Categories

50🧭Preparation & choosing a spouseIntention, readiness, kafa'ah, istikharah50💍Khitbah & engagementProposing, ta'aruf, limits of engagement50📜Akad nikahPillars, wali, witnesses, mahr, walimah, mahram50🏡Rights & responsibilitiesMaintenance, obedience, adab, household finances50⚖️Polygyny: rulings & justiceCondition of justice, rotation, limit of four50🏛️Polygyny: the lawCourt permission, documents, abroad50🤝Existing wife & prospective wifeRights, feelings, taʿliq, co-wife relations50🕊️Conflict & resolutionNushuz, hakam, sulh, counselling50🚪Divorce, ʿiddah & rujukTalaq, khulʿ, fasakh, ʿiddah, rujuk50🌍Children, inheritance & globalCustody, lineage, faraid, Muslim minorities50🧭Region & Middle EastIndonesia, Singapore, Brunei, Philippines, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, Gulf

Most frequently asked

1Apa hukum berkahwin dalam Islam? Wajib atau sunat?
The basic ruling on marriage is that it is recommended (sunat) for those who desire it and are able, but the ruling can change according to the individual's circumstances.
Allah commands that the unmarried among you be married (an-Nur 24:32), and the Prophet ﷺ called marriage his sunnah and censured whoever disliked it. Scholars divide the ruling on marriage into five: obligatory for one who is able and fears falling into zina; recommended for one who desires it and is able; disliked (makruh) for one who has no desire and cannot bear the cost of maintenance; forbidden (haram) for one who is certain he will wrong his spouse; and permissible for everyone else. This assessment is personal — look at your own circumstances, ability to provide maintenance and readiness to shoulder responsibility. Further explanation is on the Rulings page.
Perbezaan mazhab. Mazhab Hanafi, Maliki dan Hanbali menegaskan nikah wajib bagi yang mampu dan bimbang zina; dalam mazhab Syafi'i asalnya sunat bagi yang berhajat, namun ramai ulama Syafi'i turut mewajibkannya jika zina tidak dapat dielakkan kecuali dengan berkahwin.
Surah an-Nur 24:32Sahih al-Bukhari 5063Sahih Muslim 1401

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2When is marriage obligatory for a person?
Marriage becomes obligatory when a person is able, financially and physically, to provide maintenance and fears falling into zina if he does not marry.
The Prophet ﷺ advised the young: whoever is able (al-ba'ah) should marry, for it lowers the gaze better and guards chastity; whoever is not able should fast. Guarding oneself from zina is obligatory, and whatever leads to an obligation is also required. However, if a person cannot yet bear the cost of maintenance, he is told to preserve his chastity (an-Nur 24:33) while striving. If you are in this situation, discuss it with your family and use the cost calculator to plan.
Perbezaan mazhab. Hanafi, Maliki dan Hanbali menyatakan wajib secara jelas bagi yang bimbang zina dan mampu; Syafi'i mengekalkan hukum asal sunat tetapi mewajibkannya apabila zina tidak dapat dielakkan tanpa nikah.
Sahih al-Bukhari 5066Sahih Muslim 1400Surah an-Nur 24:33

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3Apa kriteria memilih isteri menurut Islam?
Kriteria utama memilih isteri ialah agama dan akhlaknya, walaupun harta, keturunan dan kecantikan juga boleh diambil kira.
Nabi ﷺ bersabda bahawa wanita dinikahi kerana empat perkara — harta, keturunan, kecantikan dan agamanya — lalu baginda berpesan: pilihlah yang beragama, nescaya kamu beruntung. Baginda juga menyebut sebaik-baik perhiasan dunia ialah wanita solehah. Ulama menambah ciri-ciri lain seperti penyayang, subur (jika diketahui), serasi dari segi latar dan matlamat hidup, serta mempunyai keluarga yang baik. Lihat juga senarai kriteria untuk panduan praktikal yang lebih terperinci.
Sahih al-Bukhari 5090Sahih Muslim 1466Sahih Muslim 1467Sunan Abu Dawud 2050 (hasan sahih)

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1What does khitbah (proposal) mean and is it obligatory before marriage?
Khitbah is a man's request to marry a woman, and it is not a pillar or a condition for a valid marriage.
In fiqh terms, khitbah is only a promise to marry, not a contract. So a marriage is still valid even without a proposal or engagement ceremony. But khitbah is prescribed because it gives both parties and their families room to get to know each other, ask questions, pray istikharah and agree calmly before the contract. The Qur'an mentions khitbah directly in Surah al-Baqarah 2:235, and the Prophet ﷺ forbade a man to propose over his brother's proposal, which shows that khitbah is a practice recognised by the Shariah. After the engagement, the couple are still ajnabi (not mahram) to each other until the contract is pronounced. See also khitbah and glossary.
Surah al-Baqarah 2:235Sahih al-Bukhari 5142Sahih Muslim 1412

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2May a man look at the face of the woman he intends to propose to?
Ya, malah disunatkan melihat wanita yang hendak dipinang, dengan niat untuk berkahwin.
Al-Mughirah bin Syu'bah pernah meminang seorang wanita lalu Nabi ﷺ bersabda: "Lihatlah dia, kerana itu lebih menjamin kekalnya (kasih sayang) antara kamu berdua." Dalam riwayat Muslim, Nabi ﷺ bertanya seorang sahabat yang mahu berkahwin dengan wanita Ansar sama ada dia sudah melihatnya, lalu menyuruhnya melihat. Dalam mazhab Syafi'i, sebaik-baiknya melihat dilakukan sebelum pinangan rasmi supaya jika tidak berkenan, lelaki boleh mengundur diri tanpa menyakiti hati keluarga wanita. Melihat mesti tanpa khalwat dan tanpa sentuhan, dan hanya setakat keperluan. Ia bukan lesen untuk memandang dengan syahwat atau berulang kali tanpa tujuan. Lihat khitbah.
Sunan at-Tirmidhi 1087 (hasan)Sahih Muslim 1424

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3Which parts of the woman being proposed to may be seen? May it be without a headscarf?
According to the Shafi'i school, only the face and both palms may be seen; the woman need not remove her headscarf.
The face shows her looks, while the hands show her build, and that is enough to make a decision. Looking at any other part of the ʿawrah remains forbidden because the couple are not yet married. The viewing must be in the presence of a mahram or others (no khalwat), without touching, and with a serious intention to marry. Asking a woman to remove her headscarf, send photos without a headscarf, or do a "trial" in certain clothes is not permitted in the school practised in Malaysia. If in doubt about some physical feature, one may ask through a trusted woman from one's own family. See khitbah.
Difference between schools. The Hanafi, Maliki and Shafi'i schools limit it to the face and palms (some Hanafis add the feet). The Hanbali school permits the parts usually visible at home such as the neck, hands and feet.
Sunan at-Tirmidhi 1087 (hasan)Sahih Muslim 1424Surah an-Nur 24:31

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1What are the pillars of marriage in Islam?
In the Shafi'i school, there are five pillars of marriage: the groom, the bride, the wali, two witnesses and the sighah (offer and acceptance).
If any pillar is missing, the contract is invalid. Each pillar also has its conditions: the groom and bride must be specific persons, not mahram to each other and not in ihram; the wali must be a qualified Muslim man; the witnesses two upright Muslim men; and the words of offer and acceptance must be clear, continuous and without a time limit. In Malaysia, the contract must also follow the procedure in the state Enactment and be registered. See the full summary in Marriage Essentials and Marriage contract.
Difference between schools. The Hanafi school does not make the wali a pillar for an adult woman of sound mind, while the Maliki school does not require witnesses at the contract but requires a public announcement before consummation.
Surah an-Nisa' 4:3Sunan Abu Dawud 2085 (sahih)Sunan Abu Dawud 2083 (sahih)

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2Is a marriage without a wali valid?
According to the Shafi'i, Maliki and Hanbali schools, a marriage without a wali is invalid.
The Prophet ﷺ said: "There is no marriage except with a wali." He also said that any woman who marries without her wali's permission, her marriage is void. The wali's role is to protect the woman's interests, not to dominate her. If a woman has no wali by lineage, or the wali refuses without a Syariah reason, the right passes to a judge-guardian (wali hakim) appointed by the religious authority. In Malaysia, the marriage of a Muslim woman without a valid wali will not be registered. See The marriage guardian (wali).
Difference among the schools. The Hanafi school allows an adult woman of sound mind to marry herself to a compatible partner, but Islamic family law in Malaysia follows the majority view, which requires a wali.
Sunan Abu Dawud 2085 (sahih)Jami' at-Tirmidhi 1101 (sahih)Sunan Abu Dawud 2083 (sahih)Jami' at-Tirmidhi 1102 (hasan)

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3Who is entitled to be wali and in what order?
The order of wali by lineage (wali nasab) in the Shafi'i school is: father, paternal grandfather (and upwards), full brother, paternal half-brother, nephew (son of the full brother, then of the paternal half-brother), paternal uncle (full, then paternal half), and male cousin (son of that uncle).
The nearer wali (aqrab) must take precedence; a more distant wali (ab'ad) cannot conduct the marriage while a qualified aqrab wali exists. A maternal half-brother and a maternal uncle are not wali nasab. If there is no wali nasab at all, the wali hakim takes over. See Marriage wali.
Surah an-Nisa' 4:25Sunan Abu Dawud 2083 (sahih)

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1What are a wife's rights over her husband in Islam?
A wife is entitled to receive the mahr, maintenance, suitable housing and good treatment from her husband.
The Qur'an commands husbands to live with their wives in kindness (makruf), and affirms that wives have rights balancing their duties. In the Farewell Pilgrimage sermon, the Prophet ﷺ urged fear of Allah in the matter of women, and said that their provision and clothing are the husband's responsibility in a reasonable manner. A wife's rights also include intimate maintenance, not being harmed, having her dignity protected, being taught religion and having her own property respected. He said that the best of people are those best to their wives. Further explanation is on the Rights of husband & wife and Maintenance pages.
Surah an-Nisa' 4:19Surah al-Baqarah 2:228Sahih Muslim 1218Jami' at-Tirmidhi 1162 (hasan sahih)

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2What are a husband's rights over his wife?
The husband's main rights are his wife's obedience in what is right (makruf), her guarding herself and her husband's property, and not admitting into the home anyone the husband dislikes.
Allah describes the righteous wife as obedient and guarding herself in her husband's absence. The Prophet ﷺ forbade a wife from fasting voluntarily while her husband is present except with his permission, and from letting anyone into the house without his permission. The wife is also made responsible as guardian of her husband's household. But this obedience is limited to what is right: there is no obedience in sin. The husband's rights come with the responsibility of leadership and maintenance; they are not absolute power. See Rights of husband & wife.
Surah an-Nisa' 4:34Sahih al-Bukhari 5195Sahih Muslim 1026Sahih al-Bukhari 893Sahih al-Bukhari 7257

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3What do material maintenance and intimate maintenance mean?
Material maintenance is the wife's material needs, while intimate maintenance is the need for affection and marital intimacy.
Material maintenance (nafkah zahir) covers food, clothing, housing and other basic needs according to the husband's means and local custom. Allah says the father must bear the food and clothing of the wife in a reasonable manner. Intimate maintenance (nafkah batin) refers to intimacy, affectionate treatment, attention and time together. The Prophet ﷺ mentioned that a husband's intimacy with his wife also counts as charity. Both are the wife's rights; neglecting either can be an injustice and in certain circumstances can be the basis of a claim at the Syariah Court. See Maintenance and Glossary.
Surah al-Baqarah 2:233Sahih Muslim 1006Sahih Muslim 1218

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1What is the ruling on polygyny in Islam?
The basic ruling on polygyny is that it is permissible (harus), not obligatory, on condition that the man is able to be just and to provide maintenance.
The evidence is Allah's word in Surah an-Nisa' verse 3: marry the women who please you, two, three or four; but if you fear you will not be just, then only one. The same verse ties the permission to justice, so polygyny is not an absolute, unconditional right. Scholars explain that the ruling can change according to the individual's circumstances: it becomes forbidden for a man who is certain he will act unjustly or cannot provide maintenance. In Malaysia, besides the Shariah conditions, polygyny is also subject to the permission of the Syariah Court. See Ruling on polygyny and Fiqh of polygyny.
Surah an-Nisa' 4:3Act 303, s.23

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2What does justice mean in polygyny? Justice in what matters?
The fairness required is fairness in what can be controlled: the rotation of nights, maintenance, accommodation and outward treatment.
The husband must divide the nights equally between his wives, give each wife sufficient maintenance according to his means, and provide suitable accommodation for each. Love and the inclination of the heart are not required to be equal, as they are beyond human control, as in Surah an-Nisa' verse 129. Yet the husband is forbidden to incline wholly to one so that another is left as if suspended. This fairness is measured in actions, not feelings. See Fiqh of polygyny and Husband's responsibilities.
Surah an-Nisa' 4:3Surah an-Nisa' 4:129

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3Why may a man marry a maximum of four wives?
The limit of four wives is set by Surah an-Nisa' verse 3 and clarified by the Sunnah; it is held by all four schools.
The verse says "two, three or four". The Sunnah details it: when Ghailan ath-Thaqafi embraced Islam with ten wives, the Prophet ﷺ told him to choose four and separate from the rest (narrated by at-Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah, graded sahih). The wisdom is that this limit restricts the permission to a real ability to be just and provide maintenance, while protecting women's rights from neglect; it is a maximum, not a target. The more-than-four that applied to the Prophet ﷺ was a special exemption for him and may not be followed by his community. See Ruling on polygyny.
Surah an-Nisa' 4:3Narrated by at-Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah (sahih) — the story of Ghailan ath-Thaqafi

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1Do I need the court's permission to marry again in Malaysia?
Yes, a man who already has a wife must first obtain the written permission of the Syariah Court before marrying again. This requirement is found in every state's Islamic family law Enactment; for the Federal Territories it is Act 303, section 23. The application is made to the Syariah Court (the level of court that hears it differs by state). Without permission, the marriage cannot be registered in the usual way and the husband may be charged with the offence of polygyny without permission. This rule does not forbid what Syariah permits; it is administration by the government to ensure justice and the protection of wives and children. The full steps are on the polygyny procedure page and the table of state laws.
Surah an-Nisa' 4:3Act 303, s.23State Islamic Family Law Enactment

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2What are the conditions for the Syariah Court to approve a polygyny application?
The court must be satisfied on several conditions set out in the state enactment. In the Federal Territories (Act 303, s.23), the court considers, among other things:
1. The proposed marriage is just or necessary (for example, the wife is infertile, physically infirm or unfit for conjugal relations);
2. The applicant is financially able to support all wives and dependants;
3. The applicant is able to give fair treatment to all wives;
4. The marriage will not cause harm recognised by Syariah law (darar syarie) to the existing wife;
5. It will not lower the standard of living of the existing wife and dependants.
The order and wording of the conditions may differ slightly by state, so check the table of state laws. See also conditions for polygyny.
Act 303, s.23Surah an-Nisa' 4:3State Islamic Family Law Enactment

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3What documents must be prepared to apply for polygyny?
Usually you need to prepare the application form with a declaration, copies of identity cards, the existing marriage certificate, and proof of income and dependants. The exact list is set by the state court or religious affairs office, but it usually includes:
• copies of the identity cards of the applicant, the existing wife and the prospective wife;
• the marriage certificate of the existing marriage;
• a salary letter or payslips, bank statements or proof of business income;
• a list of dependants (children, parents) and financial commitments;
• details of the prospective wife and her wali;
• the grounds of the application and whether the existing wife consents.
Some states ask for additional documents such as a pre-marriage course certificate or a medical report. Contact your district Syariah Court counter first. Guide: polygyny procedure.
Act 303, s.23State Islamic Family Law Enactment

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1Does a husband need his first wife's permission before marrying again?
Under Syariah law, the first wife's permission is not a condition for the validity of a second marriage. In Malaysia, however, the husband must first apply for Syariah Court permission, and the court will summon the existing wife to hear her views. The wife has no veto, but her evidence — for example on the husband's financial means or treatment — can influence the court's decision. Although permission is not obligatory, discussing honestly and seeking the wife's blessing is strongly required etiquette because it protects the existing bond (Surah an-Nisa' 4:19). See polygyny in Malaysia and women's rights.
Surah an-Nisa' 4:3Surah an-Nisa' 4:19Act 303, s.23

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2May the prospective second wife ask the man to divorce his first wife first?
No — the Prophet ﷺ forbade a woman to ask for her sister's (co-wife's) divorce so that she might take her place. In an authentic hadith, he said that it is not lawful for a woman to ask for her sister's divorce in order to 'empty her plate', for she will only receive what has been decreed for her. This prohibition also applies to an existing wife who presses her husband to divorce a new wife without a Shariah reason. If there is real injustice, the right route is the court, counselling or claiming one's own rights — not demanding that someone else be divorced. Respect other people's marriages as you want your own marriage respected.
Sahih al-Bukhari 5152Surah an-Nisa' 4:32

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3Is it a sin for me to feel jealous when my husband marries again?
No — jealousy is natural and not a sin as long as it does not lead to wrongful actions. The Prophet's ﷺ own wives felt jealousy; Sayyidah Aisyah r.a. once broke a dish of food sent by her co-wife, and the Prophet ﷺ only said gently, 'Your mother is jealous,' and replaced the dish. What must be guarded is your actions: do not backbite, slander, cut ties of kinship or neglect your responsibilities. Acknowledge the feeling, express it to your husband wisely, increase your supplication and patience, and seek counselling if the emotions are too heavy. The husband, for his part, must be gentle and understanding, not belittle his wife's feelings.
Sahih al-Bukhari 5225Surah al-Baqarah 2:153

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1What does a wife's nushuz (marital defiance) mean in Islam?
A wife's nushuz means a wife departing from the obedience she owes her husband in what is right, without a valid Shariah reason.
Examples commonly given by Shafi'i scholars: leaving the house without permission and without need, refusing intimacy without an excuse, or refusing to live in the home the husband provides. Nushuz is not merely differing in opinion, sulking now and then or claiming lawful rights. Refusing an instruction that is sinful or harmful is also not nushuz. The Qur'an (an-Nisa' 4:34) sets out a staged approach to restore the situation, not to punish. Whether a wife is truly guilty of nushuz, especially where maintenance is concerned, is determined by the Syariah Court on the evidence. See also Nushuz & conflict and Rights of husband & wife.
Surah an-Nisa' 4:34Surah al-Baqarah 2:228State Islamic Family Law Enactments

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2Is it true that Islam allows a husband to hit his wife? What does an-Nisa' 4:34 really mean?
No — Islam does not allow a husband to injure, hurt or abuse his wife; verse 4:34 is placed within very strict limits.
This verse mentions three steps for manifest nushuz: advice, separating beds, then darb. Classical scholars set conditions: it is a last resort, only if expected to be effective; it may not cause pain, leave a mark or touch the face; Ibn 'Abbas described it as with a tooth-stick (siwak) — symbolic in nature. The Prophet ﷺ said "a blow that does not injure" (ghayra mubarrih), and censured a husband who beats his wife and then sleeps with her. Imam al-Shafi'i held that refraining from it is better. Most importantly: the Prophet ﷺ never struck a single woman (Sahih Muslim 2328). Any injury is wrongdoing, forbidden, and a criminal offence in Malaysia. If you are hit, call the police 999, Talian Kasih 15999. See Nushuz & conflict.
Difference between schools. All four schools require that any striking must not injure; many Shafi'i and other scholars state that refraining from it is better, following the example of the Prophet ﷺ.
Surah an-Nisa' 4:34Sahih Muslim 2328Sahih Muslim 1218Sahih al-Bukhari 5204Tafsir al-Tabari (an-Nisa' 4:34)Domestic Violence Act 1994 (Act 521)

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3My husband hits me. What should I do?
Your safety comes first — domestic violence is haram and a crime, and you are entitled to immediate protection.
If you are in danger, call the police on 999 or go to the nearest police station. For 24-hour support, call Talian Kasih 15999 (or WhatsApp 019-261 5999). Get treatment at the emergency department of a government hospital — One Stop Crisis Centre (OSCC) helps victims and records injuries. Under the Domestic Violence Act 1994, you can apply for a protection order. Islam has never required a wife to endure abuse patiently: the Prophet ﷺ forbade causing harm, and he himself never struck a wife. Leaving the home for your safety is not nushuz (marital defiance). Once you are safe, the Syariah Court can help with judicial dissolution (fasakh), maintenance (nafkah) and child custody. See Counselling and Nushuz & conflict.
Akta Keganasan Rumah Tangga 1994 (Akta 521)Sahih Muslim 2328riwayat Ibn Majah (hasan) — la darar wa la dirarSurah al-Baqarah 2:231

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1A husband pronounces triple talaq at once: do three take effect or one?
This is a disputed issue: the majority of the four schools hold it counts as three, while Ibn Taymiyyah and some fatwa councils hold it counts as one.
The majority view (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali) holds that the words "triple talaq" in one sitting effect three talaqs, even though doing so is sinful because it goes against the sunnah. The second view relies on the narration of Ibn Abbas that in the time of the Prophet ﷺ, Abu Bakr and early in Umar's rule, a triple talaq in one pronouncement counted as one.
In Malaysia, the Syariah Court determines the number of talaqs after hearing the evidence and examining the words and intention. Do not make your own assumptions; apply to the court for confirmation of the divorce pronouncement. See talaq guide.
Differences between the schools. Majority of the four schools: it counts as three. Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn al-Qayyim and some modern fatwa councils: it counts as one.
Surah al-Baqarah 2:229Surah al-Baqarah 2:230Sahih Muslim 1472Act 303, s.124

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2Is talaq by SMS or WhatsApp valid?
Talaq by written message can be valid if it is clear and accompanied by intention, but it must be confirmed by the Syariah Court.
In the Shafi'i school, a written talaq counts as kinayah (allusive), so it takes effect only if the husband intended divorce when writing it. The National Fatwa Committee Muzakarah (2003) decided that talaq by SMS is valid if its wording is clear and can be proven, and that it must be confirmed in court.
A wife who receives such a message need not guess for herself: keep the evidence (screenshots, date, number) and apply for confirmation of the divorce pronouncement. The court will summon the husband to confirm his intention and make sure the message really came from him. See talaq & divorce.
Differences between the schools. Some Hanafi and Hanbali scholars regard clear, formal writing as explicit (sarih); the Shafi'i school requires intention.
National Fatwa Committee Muzakarah (2003)State enactments (confirmation of divorce outside court)

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3My husband divorced me at home, not in court. Is the talaq valid?
From the Shariah point of view, a talaq outside court can take effect, but in Malaysia it is an offence if not reported and it must be confirmed by the court.
Clear words of talaq by a husband who is sane and not coerced are valid under Shariah law even without witnesses. However, Islamic family law requires divorce to be done through the court. Pronouncing talaq outside court without permission is an offence (Act 303, s.124 for the Federal Territories; similar provisions in state enactments) punishable by a fine or imprisonment.
Both parties must report it to the Syariah Court within the set period so that the talaq is confirmed and registered. Without confirmation, the status of the ʿiddah, maintenance and remarriage becomes unclear. See state laws.
Act 303, s.124Act 303, s.47State enactments

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1If a husband has four wives and dies, what is each wife's share of the estate?
All the wives share equally in a single portion only: 1/8 if the husband leaves children, or 1/4 if there are no children. This portion is not multiplied by the number of wives. For example, if the husband leaves children and four wives, 1/8 of the estate is divided by four, so each wife receives 1/32. If there are no children or grandchildren through a son, 1/4 is divided by four, so each wife receives 1/16. All the wives stand equal, whether first or fourth wife, married long ago or recently, as long as the marriage was valid and still subsisted at the time of death. The husband's children by any wife count as "children" who reduce the wives' share to 1/8. Try the faraid calculator for worked figures.
Surah an-Nisa' 4:12

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2How long is a wife's ʿiddah when her husband dies?
The ʿiddah of death is four months and ten days for a wife who is not pregnant. This period is counted in lunar months beginning from the moment of the husband's death, not from the date the wife receives the news. It is obligatory whether or not the marriage was consummated, and whether the wife still menstruates or has reached menopause. For a pregnant wife, her ʿiddah ends when she gives birth, even if that is a few days after the husband's death. In a polygynous family, each wife observes her own ʿiddah of death at the same time. Throughout the ʿiddah, the widow must observe mourning (ihdad) and may not receive an explicit proposal. See also ʿiddah & widows' rights.
Difference between schools. All four schools agree that the ʿiddah of a pregnant widow ends with delivery; some Companions such as Ibn Abbas held that the longer of delivery and 4 months 10 days applies.
Surah al-Baqarah 2:234Surah at-Talaq 65:4

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3Why does a son receive twice the share of a daughter in faraid?
This ruling comes directly from the Qur'an: a son receives two shares to a daughter's one share when they inherit together as residuary heirs (asabah). The wisdom explained by scholars is that a man's financial responsibility is heavier: he must provide maintenance for his wife, children and sometimes his parents and sisters, while a woman's property remains her own. If the deceased leaves only daughters, one daughter receives 1/2, while two or more share 2/3. This is not a measure of human worth, but a distribution balanced against the burden of responsibility. Parents who wish to help a daughter may give a hibah fairly during their lifetime. See the faraid guide.
Surah an-Nisa' 4:11Surah an-Nisa' 4:34

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1Can Malaysians practise polygyny in Indonesia?
The contract may be held there, but Malaysian Syariah Court permission is still required, and Indonesia itself requires the permission of the Pengadilan Agama (Religious Court). Malaysians who marry in Indonesia are subject to two systems at once: Indonesian law for the contract there, and the state Islamic family Enactment for recognition in Malaysia. In Malaysia, a married man must obtain the written permission of the Syariah Court before marrying again (Act 303 s.23 for the Federal Territories; equivalent state Enactments), and this requirement applies even if the contract is made abroad. In Indonesia, the Registrar is forbidden to record a second marriage without the court's permission (PP 9/1975 Article 44). The KUA usually asks for a status certificate from the home country through the Embassy of Malaysia in Jakarta or a consulate. The safe order: court permission first, then the contract, then registration. See Indonesia.
Act 303, s.23UU No. 1 of 1974, Article 3–5PP No. 9 of 1975, Article 40–45

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2Is a marriage in Thailand valid in Malaysia?
It can be recognised and registered in Malaysia if the contract is valid under Syariah law and the registration procedure is followed, but a Thai certificate alone is not enough. The religious marriage certificate from the Provincial Islamic Committee is only proof of the contract, not Malaysian permission for polygyny. The certificate is usually endorsed at the Consulate General of Malaysia in Songkhla (or the Embassy in Bangkok), then registered at the Islamic religious affairs office of the state of residence within six months (Act 303 s.31; equivalent state Enactments). The religious affairs office or Syariah Court will check the wali, the witnesses, the accredited officiant and the status of the parties. If the wali is in doubt, the court may refuse to confirm the contract and the couple may need to renew the contract. If it is polygyny without permission, the husband is usually charged and fined first. See Thailand and recognition of marriages abroad.
Act 303, s.23, s.31, s.123Sunan Abu Dawud 2085 (sahih)Jami' at-Tirmidhi 1101 (sahih)

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3Is court permission needed for polygyny in Saudi Arabia?
No. Saudi law does not require court permission and does not require the existing wife's consent to marry again, with a limit of four wives. The Personal Status Law 2022 (Royal Decree M/73, based on Hanbali fiqh) requires every akad, including a second marriage, to be registered like an ordinary akad (Article 8); no special polygyny form has been identified (to be verified). The husband must be just in the rotation and maintenance, but that justice is not examined before marriage; the wife can only claim it by complaining to the court. The wife's main protections are conditions in the akad and judicial dissolution (fasakh) for harm. However, for a Malaysian man, marrying again in Saudi Arabia without the permission of the Syariah Court is still an offence in Malaysia. See Saudi Arabia.
Surah an-Nisa' 4:3Saudi Personal Status Law 2022 (Royal Decree M/73), Article 8Act 303, s.123

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